![]() ![]() Instinctual needs, so defined, provide an especially potent impetus to the system because of the complexities involved in satisfying them. That force is the impingement of stimuli, which divide into excitations arriving from without, like a bright light striking the eye, on the one hand, and those, like hunger, on the other, arising from within. This paper establishes the force that prods the psychical system to action, which is to say the occurrence that produces the tension due to need, such that the organism undertakes to dispel the tension. ![]() Freud, “Instincts and their vicissitudes,” 1915a, p. Instincts and not external stimuli are the true motive forces behind the advances that have led the nervous system, with its unlimited capacities, to its present high level of development. ![]()
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